Revised Book Edition - Dec 2004

(355 pages with photograph on back cover)

Richard Feynman, the renowned physicist, in his book QED, after discussing an unusual aspect of quantum physics stated: "… the more you see how strangely nature behaves, the harder it is to make a model that explains how even the simplest phenomenon actually works. So theoretical physics has given up on that."

Don Wortzman has not. His ground breaking "Gyroverse Theory," simply and persuasively explains the twelve-dimensional toroidal construction of the universe. It combines quantum, relativity, and cosmology into a single unified theory. Amazingly, he can challenge and entertain while offering an understanding of how the universe works.

Matter creation and the common origin of the forces of nature are described. The equivalence of the masses of gravity and inertia, a 300-year mystery, is solved. It convincingly shows that matter is not energy, but is mass in motion at the speed of light. Additionally, particle spin, anti-matter, duality, quantum entanglement, non-simultaneity, and many other phenomena are described. Finally, the dominant big bang scenario is overturned and replaced with a much more plausible explanation.

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PREFACE

This book is a work-in-progress dealing with an all-encompassing physics theory, sometimes referred to as a "Theory of Everything." It began in 1999 as part of a larger work that was to contain material on various subjects. Having just retired, I spent a couple of hours each afternoon in bookstore cafes. These seem to be reincarnations of the old European tradition of the coffee house being a gathering place for discussion. Barnes and Noble encourage this connection with their mural of the great writers, Faulkner, Steinbeck, Eliot, and others, in their café. Mornings, I would post on my Web site, gyroverse.com, progress from my notes of the previous day. The idea that, for only a nominal cost, anyone around the world could access my Web site was exhilarating. However, after a while I realized that most of my updates were mainly concerning physics, and decided to concentrate on that, postponing the rest for a later date. Since the site's inception, it has received about 20 thousand hits to it. Much of this traffic originated from two Web sites that feature new theories outside the current paradigm, Physlink and Science Nook.

Though my formal training has been in mathematics and engineering, physics now became my passion and new post-retirement vocation. I read voraciously on the subject, but became increasingly frustrated by the lack of descriptions of how anything actually functioned. Could it be that the physics community was stymied; did not believe there was an underlying physical cause; stopped looking; or did not to care? The Nobelist Richard Feynman said it succinctly, "…the more you see how strangely nature behaves, the harder it is to make a model that explains how even the simplest phenomena actually work. So theoretical physics has given up on that." Physics can be thought of as God's magic trick, where physicists are spectators satisfied not knowing how the trick is done.

Feynman's observation seemed outrageous to me, believed someone could correct it, and I wanted to give it a try. While it might appear to be a monumental undertaking for a layperson to attempt this, there is a tradition of scientific dilemmas being solved by unknowns. Even the incomparable Einstein, the most prolific physicist in modern times, was an obscure Swiss patent clerk when he made his most famous discoveries. Revamping physics was like solving a giant jigsaw puzzle. Many pieces fit together nicely, from context, some could be approximately placed, and others on the sideline still wait to be positioned. After working with the material for 3 years, and the puzzle far along, I decided March 2002 to publish my results in the first edition of the Gyroverse. My book was made available through all the normal bookseller channels, as well as directly from the publisher, in paperback, and e-copy.

I once thought that physics was the purest of the sciences, and engineering was applied physics. However, from this project, I came to realize that the design of the universe was replete with the same engineering principles and practices used here on Earth, designing reliable systems with less reliable parts. It contains examples of feedback loop control, both positive and negative, mechanical advantage, ratio control, energy storage, memory, and motion stabilization. While the physics parameters were created for, and limited to this universe, the design principles seem to apply more broadly. Therefore, in retrospect, it is not odd that an engineer would undertake this study.

My greatest challenge is to have this theory seriously reviewed by the physics establishment. It should not have been a surprise, because even recognized physicists have this difficulty. However, it is encouraging that others who received this treatment still prevailed. In the fascinating book Faster than the Speed of Light, cited in the bibliography, physicist João Magueijo, an Imperial College physics professor discussed his Variable Speed of Light Theory, an alternative to inflation theory. It challenged the most basic tenet of relativity, the constancy of the speed of light. In the book, he discussed being marginalized by the physics establishment, and perhaps jeopardizing an academic future by his persistence in trying to have that idea heard. He finally prevailed, not that the theory has been elevated to dominance, but at least it is now considered a legitimate speculative alternative. I especially empathized with him, since the gyroverse theory also challenges the current paradigm. Being a complete outsider makes it more difficult to be heard, but at this stage of life, fortunately I have the freedom to pursue my quest.

After the book was published, I continued to work on this project, adding pieces to the puzzle, enlarging it by a half. One idea developed is the evolution of the universe, from inception to its current physical structure. The big bang was more like a big push that is still progressing. Another is the mechanism behind particle spin. In addition, many explanations have been sharpened. Finally, the thought-experiment to show that information can travel faster than the speed of light has been modified, because of a revision to the original idea. With all these changes, it seemed that it was time to present them in an expanded second edition.

At all significant junctures in developing this theory, the treatise has been copyrighted. This was done to leave an audit trail for the evolution of the thought process. At each juncture, new material was added, but also some changes were made. As mentioned, this is a work in progress where the end is still in the future. Some remaining rough edges suggest the need for more refinements. Whenever a refinement is made, it must be consistent with everything that preceded it. At its present incarnation, it can tie most aspects of quantum theory, relativity, and cosmology together, under one umbrella

PREVIEW

Physics took a wrong turn 100 years ago from which it never recovered. It was transformed from the physical to the mathematical, which are merely tools for making calculations. It can be portrayed as God's magic trick, where physicists are spectators too easily satisfied without discovering how the trick is accomplished. The real universe is an extremely sophisticated mechanism, very different from the way it seems, and cannot be understood with mathematics alone. Bertrand Russell underscored this point when he observed "Physics is mathematical not because we know so much about the physical world, but because we know so little; it is only its mathematical properties that we can discover."

This book, begun in 1999, is a work-in-progress dealing with an all-encompassing physics theory, generically termed as a "theory of everything." Proposed is a new model of the universe, called the gyroverse, which explains the most mysterious physics anomalies. In this model, the universe has a twelve-dimensional toroidal construction, the size of an atom. All matter is traveling around the torus along a hyper-helix, moving at the speed of light. The immense inertia caused by this motion constrains all movements to this three-dimensional subset, and gives mass its characteristic mc² energy. Distances, as far as light-years away, in three dimensions are reduced to atomic distances in the full twelve-dimensional space.

Though for the universe to fit into such a small manifold seems implausible, it does so with room to spare. In a high dimensional space, the distances can be kept small, allowing the volume inside to be immense, yet keeping its wrapped construction hidden. Introducing more space dimensions may seem to complicate the issue, but several theories including string theory and Kaluza-Klein theory, have introduced the notion of a universe with more than three space dimensions. Both theories retain the current three dimensions and only use these small extra dimensions to augment the original three. They were merely mathematical devices that the proponents hoped would expose the universe. Unfortunately, these constructs still keep its physical operation hidden, while the gyroverse model, takes the next logical step to reveal the true nature of the universe.

The book is separated into three parts. Part I, comprising seven chapters, contains the theory describing the gyroverse model. Part II, consisting of three chapters, is an overview of the prevailing theory. Part III has two chapters, thought-experiments of importance. One speculates on a scheme to transmit information faster than light. Because of the many new ideas, a summary of each chapter is included to introduce the material gradually. The book is not mathematical, but contains proofs only when believed to be of value. The presentation can be understood, even if the proofs are skipped. Those wanting to enhance their familiarity with these subjects before tackling the theory can read the background chapters in Part II, an overview of current theory. To make different sections of the book understandable in isolation, several explanations are repeated. Besides, sometimes repeating information, but saying it in a different way enhances understanding.

This model is described much as an automotive engineer might explain how a car engine works, emphasizing the basic principles involved, but not the precise equations. From a practical point of view, only minor changes to current physics equations are required, but with very significant changes to their understanding. Inflation theory and the universe expansion mechanism are completely revamped, showing the present structure of the universe. The reason for the lightspeed limitation is explained. Another significant change is in the elimination of "non-simultaneity," a strange by-product of special relativity. The cause of quantum entanglement is explained, in which particles miles apart have an uncanny awareness of each other. Duality, an atomic phenomenon, sometimes appearing as waves and other times as particles is uncovered. Also revealed is the revolving mechanism in particle spin. Most important, the seven forces of nature, including the four familiar ones, are shown to be derivatives of the same underlying construct.

Because the idea of more physical space dimensions is a very significant departure from our present-day idea of the universe, it is explained gradually, building on familiar ideas. They are developed in three-dimensional spaces, where visualization is manageable then extended to higher dimensional space, where the notions are needed but visualization is difficult. Fortunately, the symmetries of the twelve-dimensional Gyroverse ease understanding it without ever having to picture or deal with more than three dimensions simultaneously.

OVERVIEW

The book is comprised of 3 parts, separated into 12 chapters The following is a chapter by chapter overview.

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

The first chapter sets the stage for taking a fresh look at the current accepted structure of the universe, and its effect on the two major physics theories, quantum mechanics and relativity. Two, of many, unusual behaviors of nature are discussed here. A brief description of the structure of the gyroverse model is presented.

This book is separated into three parts. Part I contains the gyroverse theory, Part II, an overview of present physics theories, and the last part discusses two thought-experiments of special importance. A chapter-by-chapter overview of the book is presented.

CHAPTER 2 - THE PROBLEMS

More than a dozen anomalies are discussed here with compelling evidence that the Euclidean appearance of the universe is not its real physical structure. These include quantum entanglement, the phenomenon in which particles that interact once, remain coordinated, even after being separated by miles. Another is the equivalence of inertial, gravitational and energy mass. These three seemingly unrelated phenomena should not have the same mass value.

Several of these anomalies offer ample evidence that something is amiss, but taken together they give a strong indication of the actual structure of the universe. In the gyroverse model, the universe consists of twelve dimensions that enable all parts of the universe to be only atomic distances from all other parts of the universe. It is this surprising construction that is the underlying reason so much of the physics appears illogical.

CHAPTER 3 - THE MODEL BASICS

The major tenet of this model is that all real distances within the universe are of atomic proportions. Distances as far as light-years away in three dimensions are reduced to atomic distances in the full twelve-dimensional space. This is accomplished by rolling up Euclidean space into a twelve-dimensional manifold, each axis being rolled up in a tightly wound helix. In this chapter, a systematic build-up to justify this claim is presented. Several examples are given to convince the reader that the whole universe can fit into a tiny many-dimensional space, and still look as it does.

Perhaps the hardest thing to grasp is where these extra dimensions might be. To appreciate the difficulty, an analogy to Edwin Abbott's classic Flatland, about a two-dimensional society is presented. In this book, the narrator A. Square tries to reveal his experience with a three-dimensional sphere that he met, to other Flatlanders. He can only point in the four surface directions, and not up or down, making it very difficult to describe the third dimension that no one has seen.

Introducing additional space dimensions might appear to complicate the issue rather than explain it. Nonetheless, string theory, which is now widely accepted in the physics community, has made the idea of a universe with more than three dimensions palatable. String theory retains the current three infinite dimensions and only uses these extra dimensions to supplement the original three. The gyroverse model takes the next logical step by showing how the three infinite dimensions can fit into a small many-dimensional manifold.

CHAPTER 4 - THE GYROVERSE MODEL

An important objective of the modeling method is to make this twelve-dimensional manifold comprehensible. Recognizing the symmetry of Euclidean space, a three-dimensional representation of one axis is developed and duplicated for the other two axes. A line wrapped on a hyper-cylinder of atomic proportions, pitched forward forming a tightly wound helix, represents each direction in Euclidean space. Added to this is a hidden fourth direction, represented by a helix wound identically to the other three that in special relativity is taken to be the time dimension. All matter is circulating the helix in the fourth direction at the speed of light. Thus, the entire twelve-dimensional space model consists of four identical copies of a three-dimensional cylindrical helix that represents each direction in Euclidean space.

Each axis, x, y, and z, is wound within its own separate three-dimensional space. From the x, y, and z perspective, the absence of bending between these separate three-dimensional space boundaries, makes the space appear Euclidean. All bending is done into space dimensions that are not perceptible to us. Because matter has zero thickness in these dimensions, the rolled-up objects are not stressed and can be bent this way. Though each axis is wound tightly in its own subset, the universe still appears Euclidean.

Circulating matter in the fourth direction creates a powerful multidimensional gyroscopic-like mechanism, called the gyrohelix, which keeps the universe stabilized. The gyrohelix is held together with small particles called gravitons, which permeate space. Matter has little, if any, intrinsic mass-like quality; the mass is generated by the gyrohelix mechanism. This gyroscopic action creates and amplifies inertia by 29 orders of magnitude, starting from almost nothing.

Gravity is not pulling on matter, but gravitons are pushing matter together causing gravitational attraction. This pushing action impedes matter from accelerating, but allows it to move freely at a constant velocity, giving it its inertial quality. While the mass of gravity and inertia are the same for matter, a photon's transverse inertial mass is half as much as its gravitational mass. This is the reason that starlight grazing the sun's surface bends twice as much as Newtonian physics would indicate. The rest energy of matter is attributed to the kinetic energy of matter traveling at lightspeed in the fourth direction, and not due to matter being intrinsically equivalent to energy.

Clock time changes because of the inertial mass change, but real time does not. Special relativity, by means of the Lorentz transformation gives the formulae, but not the mechanism, for distance contraction, time dilation, and mass increasing when traveling at high speed. The Lorentz transformation's gamma factor, the crux of the transformation, will be derived from gyroverse basics. However, its interpretation has crucial differences from special relativity.

CHAPTER 5 - RELATIVITY IMPLICATIONS

This chapter is concerned with those aspects of the gyroverse that deal with the physics addressed by special and general relativity. It begins with a discussion of non-simultaneity. Non-simultaneity is one of the strangest aspects of special relativity finessed by the gyroverse model. Non-simultaneity occurs when one observer recognizes two events in another inertial frame as happening at once, while another observer, distant from the first, will record completely different times for the event pair, possibly years apart. In this theory, all observers will agree on the timing of all events, after correcting for their different clock rates. The reason lightspeed is the same in different inertial frames is explained. Three important gyroverse terms, yaw, pitch, and roll are discussed. Yaw is the direction the gyrohelix faces; pitch is the advance for each revolution of the gyrohelix; and roll is the angular velocity of the gyrohelix. These are the parameters that special relativity, unbeknown to it, assumes change in concert. When they do, the Lorentz transformation is a good approximation of the physics. When they do not as in orbital planetary motion, or the universe's accelerated expansion, the Lorentz transformation is not a good approximation of the physics.

Other equation differences are discussed that significantly influence the physics. Also concerning the Lorentz transformation is that in this theory only one principal frame exist; the other frame has an elevated gamma, causing distance and mass increasing, and time dilation, only on it. This gamma change cannot be easily detected, because the standards that they are compared against experience the same changes. However, distance lengthening from this effect is especially hard to recognize, because it is non-varying for each viewer. Confusing matters further, another effect where each views a shortening of lengths in the other's inertial frame in the direction of motion is a well known observed phenomena, which occurs for a different related reason. In addition, the velocity transformation (velocity addition) formula is significantly different from the special relativity counterpart. While the special relativity formula was presumably verified by the Fizeau experiment, that result is disputed.

CHAPTER 6 - QUANTUM IMPLICATIONS

As in the previous relativity chapter, this chapter addresses those aspects of the theory that influence quantum physics. The differences with present-day theory are not numerical or mathematical. However, aspects of quantum theory that were previously unexplained can be now understood. Gravity is a very weak, long-range force in Euclidean space, but a very powerful short-range force in twelve-dimensional space. The force is caused by gravitons uniformly traversing twelve-dimensional space. This modality is also responsible for the strong force that holds the atomic nucleus together, and the weak force that governs particle decay. Another facet of this force is holding entangled particles together. Entangled particles can be far apart in Euclidean space, but remain exceedingly close in twelve-dimensional space. They maintain an awareness of each other even after being separated by miles. The mechanism for providing these seemingly different forces with one basic force is explained in detail.

The electromagnetic force, which repels like-charged particles and attracts unlike-charged particles, is also explained. This dual path mechanism defies explanation in a three-dimensional Euclidean space. The vehicle for this force is the photon that indirectly gets its energy from gravitons impinging on it. This dual path mechanism, when applied to a particle is the basis for its antiparticle. When both meet, even with little apparent relative motion, they crash at twice the speed of light causing the annihilation of each, and an immense energy release.

Duality, in which particles have both wavelike and particle-like properties, is described as well. Small particles can take shortcuts in twelve-dimensional space, remaining small, and compact, but spread out in Euclidean space. It will be explained, for example, how a photon or electron can actually pass through both slits simultaneously in the classic two-slit experiment.

Fermi particles such as electrons, protons, and neutrons have a propensity for keeping their distance from each other. Bose particles, such as photons and gravitons, which transmit the forces of nature, have an affinity for bundling. The mechanism for each is explained. Atomic structure, including the root cause of atomic particle spin, is discussed within this framework.

CHAPTER 7 - COSMOLOGY IMPLICATIONS

The big bang theory is the predominant explanation for the origin of the universe. This theory was proposed when it was discovered that the universe was expanding. The reasoning was that if it were always expanding it must have been tiny some time in the past. At first, the two aspects of general relativity were sufficient to explain the universe's evolution. These are the traditional inertial motion of close celestial bodies, and the general expansion caused by the stretching of empty space that does not involve inertia. Subsequently, an inflation theory was also proposed to resolve the flatness and horizon problems observed. Inflation only existed for a fraction of a second during the very beginning of the universe creation and then dissipated. More recently, it was discovered that not only is the universe expanding, but also its expansion is accelerating. This is another big surprise because this was inconsistent with expectations. It was assumed that gravity would work to slow the expansion, even if it were not great enough to stop it. Thus, a gravitational repulsion mechanism had to be added to the theory. In effect, four cosmology theories are stitched together that barely coexist.

The facts surrounding the big bang theory are reinterpreted to be consistent with the gyroverse model, while combining all the current loosely coupled physics theories. Neither Doppler shift, nor the stretching of space, causes the red shift of light from distant bodies. Celestial motion involves real movement of matter in the fourth direction on an expanding 3-sphere, giving the appearance of expanding space. Unique to this motion-direction expansion is that it is non-inertial, requiring 29 orders of magnitude less energy to achieve it. This force causes acceleration without a corresponding change in yaw, increasing the inertial mass with very little expenditure of energy. Familiar energy and mass are not intrinsic properties of matter, but are generated by the gyroverse mechanism. The universe is much less substantial from the outside than it is from the inside.

Also presented are illustrations showing how the universe looks today and how it looked at its inception. While the entire universe was originally subatomic in the four-dimensional subset, it was not compressed, since the entire universe could fit comfortably into that space. Gravitons that emanated from all matter expanded the universe as a whole, while it still caused nearby matter to congeal under the force of gravity. The force of expansion subsided as the universe enlarged, but did not completely vanish. Thus, the big bang is better characterized as a big push that still persists. Compactness of the universe initially allowed the subatomic particle to entangle and remain connected during expansion, keeping the universe's energy distribution uniform, before neutral atoms formed.

The gyroverse model predicts an older universe, because it initially expanded slower, giving large celestial bodies enough time to form. In addition, the expansion of the universe is not in the same dimension as the gravitational force that formed celestial bodies. The universe is much smaller than present orthodox theory assumes. At a distance of 13.5 light-years, the present maximum look-back, just about all of the matter in the universe is observable.

From the angular velocity of revolving galaxies and the amount of visible matter, the centrifugal force is too large for gravity to hold the galaxies together. To reconcile the dilemma, it was proposed that the universe contains much more unseen dark matter than what is visible to supply the extra needed gravitational force to hold the galaxies together. An alternate, much more plausible theory, with acronym MOND, posits that inertial mass is much smaller at ultra low accelerations, the condition at the outer margins of the revolving galaxies. While this would resolve the missing matter dilemma, without the need for dark matter, it contradicts general relativity; however, it reinforces the gyroverse theory, and is the most probable solution to the missing mass problem.

Another problem considered is stellar aberration, which causes a star's apparent position to change if the observer, but not the star is moving. This is a blatant violation of special relativity, which posits that velocity is not absolute; a star's position in the sky should only depend on the relative velocity between both. In contrast, it is especially consistent with the gyroverse theory.

Also discussed is Wheeler's delayed choice experiment, where light can take two paths to a detector. Incredulously, by modifying the detection configuration just prior to the photons reaching the detector, the delayed choice hypothesis infers that photons can go backward in time, and take the alternate path. While this experiment has been done in the laboratory, the original proposal had light emanating from quasars hidden behind galaxies, taking two paths around it. Then, the back-up time would be millions of years. The gyroverse theory leads to a much simpler and more plausible explanation.

CHAPTER 8 - RELATIVITY OVERVIEW

This is the first of three chapters that are overviews of existing accepted physics. It has been placed after the theory so that readers not recently acquainted with the traditional presentations of quantum mechanics, relativity, and cosmology can have this information available before they read the gyroverse model. Besides presenting the highlights of these theories, a historical perspective of each is also presented. Readers familiar with the subject may also find them helpful, because the material covered is more directed to the gyroverse theory.

The chapter starts with Sir Isaac Newton who gave physics its mathematical foundation and initiated it as a separate discipline in science. Discussed are his three laws of motion and his discovery of the laws governing gravitational attraction that he published in his famous book Principia. The Galilean transformation is a procedure of changing the reference between two inertial platforms, moving relative to each other. Newton's laws of motion are covariant with respect to this transformation, working the same on any inertial platform.

His theory prevailed for more than 200 years before a serious crack in the theory developed from experiments by Michelson-Morley and Fizeau, in the late 1800's. This showed that the speed of light was the same in all directions on Earth. Attempts were made to reconcile these experimental results by postulating the presence of an undetectable aether gas, permeating all space. Aether gas was given all the necessary characteristics to explain the Michelson-Morley and Fizeau results within Galilean transformation, but it failed. Maxwell's electromagnetic equations are not covariant to the Galilean transformation. The Lorenz transformation, originally postulated to allow these Maxwell's equations to be covariant to moving inertial frames, later became the heart of Einstein's special theory of relativity. The major characteristics of special relativity are that objects in motion experience mass increasing, distance contraction, and time dilation. General relativity extends this understanding for objects during acceleration or under the influence of gravity.

CHAPTER 9 - QUANTUM OVERVIEW

The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, believed light originated from the eye directed outward toward the object, much as a blind man uses a cane. It took more than a thousand years before an Egyptian philosopher showed that light was reflected from objects to the eye. Newton believed that light was composed of tiny particles, or corpuscles, emitted by luminous bodies. About the same time, Christiaan Huygens developed a theory that explained light to be a wave phenomenon. While the evidence for the corpuscular theory was not as strong, the stature of Newton kept that theory alive. This prevailed until Thomas Young and Augustin Fresnel did diffraction and interference experiments, which could only be explained from a wave theory of light. Wave theory was further cemented with Maxwell's wave equations that merged light with electromagnetic theory. In the early nineteen hundreds, Einstein presented a paper on the photoelectric effect, postulating light's particle-like qualities, subsequently called the photon. This was the origin of the duality principle that light was both a wave and a particle.

Niels Bohr, a protégé of Rutherford, used his atomic model, the quantum ideas of Einstein and Planck, and proposed that the electrons revolve around the nucleus in a very limited set of circular orbits with discrete energy levels. The model initially explained all observations, but later conflicted with experimentation that were more precise.

Louis de Broglie developed the notion that matter also had wavelike characteristics. Erwin Schrödinger analytically extended the idea, formulating the quantum theory of wave mechanics. This describes the behavior of atomic particles as waves, extending the particle-wave duality of light to matter.

One of the most instructive thought-experiments devised is known as Schrödinger's cat. What Schrödinger did was to combine subatomic phenomena in which we do not have any personal experiences and can accept indeterminacy, with a cat, where we have everyday experiences to rely on, to show an absurd nature of quantum theory.

Experiments, leading up to, and verifying quantum entanglement and the testing of Bell's inequality is discussed in detail. This began as an ongoing debate between Niels Bohr, the defender of quantum theory, and Einstein who thought that there were, as he described, "hidden variables" that would clear up the strangeness of quantum theory. He devised a thought-experiment called the EPR paradox to prove his case. History has so far judged Bohr arguments to prevail.

The standard model with its various atomic particles and particle families is presented. Discussed are the differences between bosons and fermions. Quarks, which in various combinations make up protons and neutrons, are defined. Structure of the atom is also discussed.

The four forces in nature are defined. Gravity and the electromagnet force are forces that are commonly experienced. The strong force holds the atom nucleus together, and the weak force is responsible for a variety of nuclear decay processes, such as a neutron decaying into a proton and an electron. A theory that combines the electromagnetic and weak forces into a single electro-weak force has been accepted by the physics mainstream.

Quantum electrodynamics, or QED for short, is the interaction between photons and electrons. Most familiar everyday phenomena involve this type of interaction, for example, chemical reactions, biological processes, and the characteristics of matter. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) describes the interaction between quarks and gluons in the atom's nucleus.

The goal of modern theoretical physics has been to find a unified description of the universe, a single theory to explain all the atomic particles and the four forces of nature. Kaluza-Klein theory was a first attempt to unify physics theories, by adding a fifth hidden dimension to the universe. String theory is the modern-day attempt to create this theory of everything (TOE) as it is sometimes called. It extends the Kaluza-Klein idea, defining a universe that has many hidden dimensions.

CHAPTER 10 - COSMOLOGY OVERVIEW

The Greek astronomers were the source for the cosmological concepts and theories until Copernicus. The central theme of ancient Greek cosmology was the geocentric theory that claimed that Earth is at rest and the center for all other motion in the universe.

Nicolas Copernicus, a Polish astronomer who lived between 1473-1543, degraded the importance of Earth when he introduced the heliocentric model that had the sun at the center with Earth revolving around it. He claimed that all the planets, not only Earth, moved in orbits around the sun. This explanation was extended and enhanced by Galileo who was first to use telescopes and Kepler who added mathematical accuracy.

In his book Principia, completed in 1687, Newton proposed his three laws of motion that still stands today for most practical problems. In addition, he discovered the universal law of gravitation, a formula for the gravitational attraction between two massive bodies. It extended Kepler's idea by describing the motion of the solar system in analytical terms. He was a co-inventor of calculus, most important for accurately calculating the motion of celestial bodies and many other scientific investigations.

Discussed here are the three most important techniques for estimating the distance to celestial bodies. These are parallax shift, a form of triangulation; standard candles, stars whose luminosity can be estimated; and red shift of light from celestial bodies.

Hubble, using very powerful telescopes, was first to discern that the universe is expanding uniformly. This caused the big bang theory to replace the steady state model, as the explanation of the universe's evolution. The inflation mechanism was incorporated into the theory to explain the flatness and horizon dilemmas. More recently, it has been detected that the universe is not only expanding, but its expansion is accelerating. The consequences of this discovery are explained.

CHAPTER 11 - TRIPLET PARADOX

The triplet paradox is an extension of the famous twin paradox thought-experiment introduced by Einstein. It deals with three identical triplets, Tinker, Evers, and Chance. Tinker and Evers live on Earth, and Chance is selling real estate on the planet, Soil, 4 light-years away. Tinker plans to visit his brother. This thought scenario highlights the strangeness of non-simultaneity introduced with special relativity, and how this paradox is better explained within the gyroverse theory.

CHAPTER 12 - INSTANT MESSAGING

This thought-experiment uses the delayed choice phenomenon, which is akin to quantum entanglement, to effect communication faster than the lightspeed. Einstein used the speed of light limitation to argue wrongly that entangled particles are not really affecting each other, but instead hidden variables create the impression that they do. While it can be argued that quantum entanglement is already an example of communication faster than the speed of light, as Einstein's argument would suggest, this attempts to remove any doubt.

CONSEQUENCES

§ There are seven forces of nature, not four. The additional three are:

o Gravitons that hold entangled particles together.

o Universe expansion force that set off the "big bang", better characterized as the "big push" that continues to cause the universe expansion to accelerate.

o An aspect of the electromagnetic force that is strictly repulsive at subatomic distances. That's why electrons don't fall into the nucleus.

§ Five of the forces are caused directly by the graviton, and the other two are caused indirectly by it. The photon is the other force participant.

§ The graviton, in a similar way causes gravity and the strong force.

§ Gravity (and the strong force) is governed by a LeSage mechanism, albeit somewhat different than originally proposed.

§ All forces involve pushing, no force pulls. "Pushing is nature, pulling is magic."

§ Matter has no intrinsic energy. The mc² is caused by all matter speeding in the fourth space dimension at the velocity of light.

§ The universe began with zero energy, which can be explained without the need for inflation theory. The excess centrifugal force holding galaxies together is not caused by dark matter, but by the Mordehai Milgrom's MOND effect.

§ The mass of gravity, inertia, and energy are the same because they are all caused similarly by the graviton.

§ Matter has no intrinsic mass. The graviton is the Higgs particle in the sense that it gives matter its mass value.

§ Gravity is an almost instantaneous force, not limited to the speed of light.

§ The universe has an inside and an outside.

§ From the outside it is 12 dimensions. The furthest distance from end to end is one angstrom, the size of an atom. The universe is wrapped-up speeding in a tight helix at the speed of light.

§ On the inside it is composed of 4 Euclidean dimensions, all large and alike, but not infinite, where each dimension is composed of 3 unique rolled-up dimensions, taken from the twelve.

§ All celestial objects  (entire universe) are uniformly situated on a 3-sphere, with a radius of 15 billion light years, and expanding at the speed of light.

§ The center of the 3-sphere is the point of the big bang 15 billion years ago. The expansion was not an isolated event, but a continual process, still evolving and accelerating.

§ Simultaneous events are simultaneous in all inertial frames.

§ Time is the result of inertia. Increased inertia slows time. It is not a dimension in the relativity sense.

§ Nature does not support singularities or infinities. These are strictly mathematical concepts.

§ In the 4 Euclidean dimensions light will approach an object at the vector sum/difference of light velocity and the object's velocity. It is only in position space that the speed of light is constant.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Don Wortzman
Carmel New York 10512

Don Wortzman has presented many original research papers, on a variety of technical subjects at major scientific conferences. These conferences were sponsored by The New York Academy of Sciences, Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Numerical Control Society, and Eastern Joint Computer Conference.

He received his Bachelors in Electrical Engineering from City College of New York and a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering from Syracuse University. He has also completed his course work toward a Ph.D. in Mathematics at New York University. Most of his working life was in the field of engineering design.

While it might seem odd that an engineer rather than a physicist would propose such a theory, this model of the universe with the rules that govern it is more of an engineering design than a mathematical formulism.

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